Cluster C

Classification of personality disorders varies significantly, with the predominant models being either categorical or dimensional. As in the case of broader classification of mental disorders, personality disorders are mainly classified in accordance with two diagnostic frameworks: namely, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). As of 2026, the latest editions of these are the DSM-5-TR and ICD-11, respectively. While the main system in the former classifies personality disorders as distinct categories; the latter classifies a single personality disorder dimensionally according to severity, with the option to additionally diagnose trait domains. A hybrid approach is implemented in the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders, with diagnoses being specific or trait specified; both of these are based on both severity and traits. The ICD-11 classifies schizotypal disorder among primary psychotic disorders rather than as a personality disorder as in the DSM-5.